El comportamiento del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa e interleucina 6 en lesiones de vías biliares postcolecistectomía / Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels among patients suffering a bile duct injury during cholecystectomy

Background: During cholecystectomy, the bile duct may be injured. When this complication occurs, Kupffer cells are activated and produce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL6) to phagocyte toxic products Aim: To measure serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 among patients that suffered a bile duct injury after a cholecystectomy. Patients and Methods: Serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were measured prior to the bile-enteric derivation and after one year of follow up, in 31 patients that had a complete bile duct obstruction after open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy and in 5 healthy controls. Results: At baseline TNF-α levels in healthy subjects and patients with bile duct injury were 0 and 43.9 ± 2.9 ng/mL, respectively (p < 0.01). At one year of follow up, TNF-á became undetectable among patients. At baseline, the values for IL-6 among healthy controls and patients were 3.0 ± 2.0 and 72.0 ± 94.7 pg/mL respectively, (p < 0,004). After one year of follow up, IL-6 levels decreased to 6.4 ± 0.3 pg/mL among patients. Conclusions: TNF-α and IL-6 levels were elevated before bile-enteric derivation among patients with bile duct injury and became normal one year later.

Relación entre hiperinsulinemia, disfunción diastólica e hipertrofia del ventrículo izquierdo en pacientes con hipertensión arterial sistémica / Association of hyperinsulinemia with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertension

Background: Hypertension is the main independent cardiovascular risk factor. However, there are additional factors that induce organic damage. Aim: To assess the association between hyperinsulinemia, ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular diastolic function. Patients and Methods: Seventy-four patients aged 30 to 65 years, with mild or moderate systemic hypertension, with overweight or mild obesity and normal glucose tolerance curve (GTC), were studied. Serum insulin was measured during GTC. The maximum levels of insulin and glucose were observed 60 minutes after the oral glucose load and they were expressed as rG/1. Patients were stratified in three groups according to their glucose and insulin fasting levels (I0) and post-glucose challenge levels (rG/I): Group 1 (normoinsulinemic patients) I0 <17 mU/mL and rG/I >2 (2.45+0.4). Group 2 (post-prandial hyperinsulinemic patients) I0 <17 mU/mL and rG/I <2> 1 (1.34+0.3). Group 3 (persistently hyperinsulinemic patients) I0 >17 mU/mL and <1 (0.7+0.3). Left ventricular mass and its diastolic function were measured by Doppler echocardiography. Results: No differences in blood pressure or age were observed between groups. There was a negative correlation between ventricular mass and rG/1 (r =-0.282, p =0.015). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was significantly more deteriorated in group 3, as compared with group 1 (p <0.001 ANOVA). There was a significant correlation between g/GI and diastolic dysfunction (r =0.232 p =0.047). Conclusions: Fasting, post challenge hyperinsulinemia and a rG/I <1 are associated with higher ventricular mass and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, independent of blood pressure and age.

Uso eficiente del quirófano / Efficient use of the operating room

Antecedentes: conocer si la utilización de las salas de operaciones es eficiente, requiere de una evaluación continua de su equipamiento, capacidad del personal involucrado y el nivel de complejidad de las intervenciones quirúrgicas. En los centros hospitalarios institucionales, estas evaluaciones son constantes para llevar un control interno, pero se consideran poco o nada en el Análisis anual de productividad de los quirófanos para la toma de decisiones. Objetivo: identificar el uso subóptimo de las salas de operaciones, y en su caso, proponer solución para un uso más eficiente. Tipo de estudio: prospectivo, observacional, transversal y comparativo. Material y método: se analizaron cuestionarios estructurados con los tiempos quirúrgicos de dos quirófanos en 60 días, en el Servicio de Ginecología y Cirugía General. Se compararon los tiempos reales vs. los tiempos ideales y los niveles de complejidad. Análisis estadístico: se utilizó la prueba Exacta de Fisher. El valor p < 0.05 fue significativo. Resultados: se efectuaron 125 procedimientos quirúrgicos. En el turno matutino (TM) 57.6 por ciento y 42.2 por ciento en el vespertino (TV). A nivel de complejidad III (66.4 por ciento). Fueron electivos 84.8. De la especialidad de Cirugía General 58.4 por ciento y Ginecología 41.6 por ciento. El retraso de ingreso a quirófano de 20.5 minutos del TM contra 4.3 minutos del TV (p < 0.05). El retraso quirúrgico en el TV de 30.32 minutos vs 14.59 en el TM. Hubo retraso en el tiempo posquirúrgico del TV (33.7 minutos p < 0.05). A mayor complejidad del procedimiento mayor retraso en el tiempo operatorio. Conclusiones: el uso eficiente del quirófano depende del cumplimiento de las funciones específicas en los tiempos programados del equipo quirúrgico, la supervisión sistemática, y el nivel de complejidad.